Virtually no government policy gets enacted without some organized societal interests trying to shape the outcome. In fact, interest groups – a term that encompasses such diverse actors as business associations, labour unions, professional associations, and citizen groups that defend broad interests such as environmental protection or development aid – are active at each stage of the policy cycle.
The post 5 things you always wanted to know about interest groups appeared first on OUPblog.
By Laura Williamson
Early in 2011 the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published guidance intended to improve treatment for alcohol dependence and harmful use in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The guideline focuses on identifying the clinical interventions best suited to supporting recovery. However, given the influence social factors have on drinking behaviours, NICE also emphasises the need to cultivate environments and attitudes which help to ensure those with alcohol problems feel no “apprehension” about seeking treatment and discussing their alcohol misuse. It does this by identifying principles that should form the basis of treatment: a trusting, respectful relationship between healthcare providers and patients, which acknowledges and seeks to overcome “stigma and discrimination” is crucial, as is the need to support families and carers.
It is vital that individuals can expect to be treated with respect when seeking treatment because only around 5.6% of people in England and 8.2% of people in Scotland who need specialist treatment for dependence actually receive it. Part of the reason for this is that stigma acts as an obstacle for individuals in admitting their alcohol problem and opting to receive therapy. As Schomerus and colleagues stated in their systematic review of stigma and dependence published in the March-April (2011) edition of Alcohol and Alcoholism:
“People suffering from alcohol dependence (and from other addictions) are particularly severely stigmatized. They are less frequently regarded as mentally ill, they are held much more responsible for their condition, they provoke more social rejection and more negative emotions and they are at a particular risk of being structurally discriminated against.”
In the United Kingdom, and internationally, public policy on alcohol has done little to improve attitudes towards dependence. In England, for example, alcohol policy under the New Labour government prioritised the need to persuade people to drink ‘sensibly’. A key aim of the 2004 Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England was to secure “long term change in attitudes to irresponsible drinking”. In his ‘Foreword to the Strategy’, then Prime Minister Tony Blair stated that individuals are expected to make “informed and responsible decisions about their own levels of alcohol consumption.” This focus on “sensible” drinking makes no allowance for the “difficulties in controlling substance-taking” or the “strong desire or sense of compulsion” that are used to diagnose dependence. As a result, it risks implicitly stigmatising the dependent by promoting in the public consciousness the notion that all heavy drinkers, even the alcohol-dependent, are simply “irresponsible.”
Under the coalition government, the stigmatisation of alcohol dependence has worsened and become increasingly explicit in England. In 2010 the government published its new Drug Strategy. The strategy enforces “sanctions” on benefit claimants who are dependent on alcohol (and drugs) if they do not engage with treatment services. This policy sits uncomfortably with the emphasis of the NICE Guidance on the importance of “supportive, empathic
In his recent editorial, The Tel Aviv Cluster, David Brooks of the New York Times cites Start-Up Nation: The Story of the Israel's Economic Miracle when he describes the innovation cluster of technology that has developed in Israel. Having just finished reading Start-Up Nation, I'm not surprised to read about it in the New York Times. Like the other books released by Hatchette Book Group's Twelve, Start-Up Nation stays with you long after closed its covers.
The blurb:
Start-Up Nation addresses the trillion-dollar question: How is it that Israel - a country of 7.1 million people, only sixty years old, surrounded by enemies, in a constant state of war since its founding, with no natural resources - produces more start-up companies than large, peaceful, and stable nations like Japan, China, India, Korea, Canada, and the United Kingdom? Drawing on examples from the country's foremost inventors and investors, geopolitical experts Dan Senior and Saul Singer describe how Israel's adversity-driven culture fosters a unique combination of innovative and entrepreneurial intensity.
As the authors argue, Israel is not just a country but a comprehensive state of mind. Whereas Americans emphasize decorum and exhaustive preparation, Israelis put chutzpah first. "When an Israeli entrepreneur has a business idea, he will start it that week," one analyst put it. At the geopolitical level, Senor and Singer dig in deeper to show why Israel's policies on immigration, R&D, and military service have been key factors in teh country's rise - providing insight into why Israel has more companies on the NASDAQ than those from all of Europe, Korea, Singapore, China, and India combined.
So much has been written about the Middle East, but surprisingly little is understood about the story and strategy behind Israel's economic growth. As Start-Up Nation shows, there are lessons in Israel's example that apply not only to other nations, but also to individuals seeking to build a thriving organization. As the U.S. economy seeks to reboot its can-do spirit, there's never been a better time to look at this remarkable and resilient nation for some impressing, surprising clues.
Review:
Dan Senor and Saul Singer's Start-Up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle is well researched and a fascinating read. The book is divided into four main parts:
- The Little Nation That Could
- Seeding a Culture of Innovation
- Beginnings
- Country with a Motive
In
The Little Nation That Could Senor we read PayPal's Scott Thompson's first impressions of a young Shvat Shaked, whose young company. Fraud Sciences, developed the most up-to-date solution to the problem of online payment scams, credit card fraud, and electronic identity theft. As we read about Fraud Sciences, its founders Shvat Shaked and Saar Wilf, their approach to problem solving and the impressions of the top executives of PayPal, Ebay and Benchmark Capital, it becomes clear that the story of technological innovations and start-up ventures in Israel is deep and unique.
I was struck by story after story that traced technological and scientific innovations to Israeli dedication, chutzpah, a culture of debate/argument a
.jpeg?picon=2968)